- – Creation theory
(1 x 1 =1mk)
- – Austrolopithecus, Homo habilis
(1 x 1 = 1mk)
- – Mesopotamia – Hieroglyphics, Egypt – Cuneiform
(2 x 1 = 2mks)
- – Gold, clothes , cowries shells , iron , copper
(2 x 1 = 2mks)
- – Rafts, canoes, Dhows, Oar boats
(2 x 1 = 2mks)
- – To announce take over of a new ruler
– Summarizing people to important meetings
– Calling warriors to war
– Announcing commencement of various ceremonies
(Any two 2 x1 = 2mks)
- – Were taught to be resistant to many diseases
– Were readily available in large numbers
– Were cheaper to use than Europeans or red Indians
– Were taught to be adaptable to hot and humid tropical climate
(1 x 1 = 1mk)
- – Imperial British East Africa Company
– German East Africa Company
(1 x1 = 1mk)
- – Renaissance time made people develop interest in research/ learning
– Governments and individual financed scientific research
– Need to solve problems like food shortages, diseases
– Religion failed to answer all questions
(Any 2 x 1 = 2mks)
- – Collected taxes
– Planned wars
– Informed Kabaka about war
– Planned public works
– Protected Kabaka
(2 x 1 = 2mks)
- – Sign of unity (unifying factor)
(1 x 1 = 1mk)
- – Signing treaties among themselves
– Organizing the Berlin conference to lay down guiding principles
of partition (2 x 1 = 2mks)
- – Angola
– Mozambique
– Portuguese Guinea
(2 x 1 =2mks)
- – The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
(IBRD) or World Bank
– The International Monetary Fund(IMF)
(1 x 1 = 1mk)
- – The bombing Hiroshima and Nagasaki with atomic bomb by the USA
(1 x1 = 1mk)
- – Co-ordinates activities of liberation movements against colonization
In Africa
(1 x 1 = 1mk)
- – War saw pact.
– North Atlantic treaty organization (NATO)
(1 x 1= 1mk)
SECTION B
- a)- Homo – Erectus
– Homo – Sapiens
– Homo Sapiens sapiens
(3 x 1 = 3mks)
b) – Made tools and weapons (Acheullian tools)
– Lived in caves and tree –tops
– Hairy body kept them warm
– Ate raw meat, fruits, vegetables, insects and roots
– Lived in small groups
– Used gestures
– Division of labour
– Hunted animals
(6 x 2 = 12mks)
- a)- High number of accidents on roads leads to lose of life
– Pollution caused by exhaust fumer
– The use of roads is limited to specific areas i.e cannot go beyond land.
– Construction of all weather roads is expensive
– Due to increased number of vehicles on roads traffic congestion is a
major concern in most cities and towns
– When roads become impassable especially those that are not all weather roads
– The quantity of goods carried is limited as roads cannot carry bulky goods compared
to the railway
(3 x 1 = 3mks)
b) – Improved communication
– Mass entertainment
– Education of the public through media
– In the transport of ship at sea and Aeroplane in the air co-ordinates
through telecommunication.
– Exploration of outer space – satellites sent to space send information
– Cultural imperialism
– Promotes national unity
– Provides employment
(6 x 2 = 12mks)
- a) – Direct rule
– Assimilation
– Indirect rule
– Association
(Any 3 x1 = 3mks)
b) – Bulozi lost their independence to the British
– The Lozi aristocracy was broken and the royal class was reduced
only to the position of tax collectors on behalf of BSAC
– Barotseland was incorporated into Northern Rhodesia
– Bulozi got the British protection against their enemies Ndebele
– Though with less power, Lewanika was made a paramount chief
– Led to introduction of western education and development of
infrastructure in Barotseland (6 x2 = 12mks)
- a) – Guerrilla warfare
– Through press which articulated African grievances
– Formation of associations
– Strikes against forced labour and poor working conditions in 1947 and 1956
– Formation of political parties like FRELIMO, UDENAMO,UNAM and MANU
– Civil education from FRELIMO
b) – Internal division due to ideological differences and selfish ambitions
– Apartheid regime in South Africa and unilateral Declaration of independence in
S. Rhodesia joined forces with Portuguese against FRELIMO.
– Competition from rural guerilla movements such as Revolutionary Committee of
Mozambique.
– Attack of FRELIMO from the church claiming that it was a terrorist organization, thus many church followers were reluctant to join.
– Asassination of Eduardo Mondlane in Dar-es salam in February 3rd 1969 demotivated the Africans from active nationalist struggle.
– Shortage of basic needs among the Africans in the initial stages of the war.
– Portuguese used ruthless and cruel methods in suppressing the FRELIMO supporters such as massacre of 400 civilians at Wiriyamu in December 1972.
(6 x 2 = 12mks)
SECTION C
- a) – They desired to control the economy of Zimbabwe
– Local political institutions based on Induna system had been destroyed during the British occupation of Zimbabwe.
– To ensure complete control of African to end African resistance
– Company officials in the area were familiar with the area and British system of administration.
– Adequate finance for administration from the colony.
– Adequate personnel from the white settlers
(3 x1 = 3mks)
b) – School system did not do much to indoctrinate the Africans sufficiently of values
of the policy.
– It was an expensive policy to implement and maintain.
– The policy was only confined in the four communes while the rest was left untouched.
– The system faced opposition from the Muslim.
– Cultural disparity that existed between African and the French
e.g Africans were polyganists.
– Racial discrimination the French resented the idea of equally with
Africans in parliament.
– The African chief were hostile to the policy because it reduced their power
and authority were undermined.
– Increased desertification from African elites who were elected to the
French parliament.
– Differences between French legal system and African customs.
– It was unworkable due to high standards and difficult conditions expected for
one to be assimilated.
– Rise of Nationalism which undermined the policy.
( 6 x 2 = 12mks)
- a) – USA
– France
– Russia
– China
(3 x 1 = 3mks)
b) – Ideological difference between capitalist USA and the communist USSR
– Arms race and failure of the two powers to agree on arm reduction plan.
– Economic rivalry and formation of marshal plan by USA and COMECON by USSR
– Formation of military alliances and military support to opponents enemies.
– Use of Russian veto powers in the UN to defeat UN proposal.
– Differences over Germany as UN Allies wanted a strong Germany to assist in
Economic prosperity in other UN European nations while the soviet union wanted a
Politically weak Germany
(6 x 2 = 12mks)
- a) – The summit of Heads of States
– The council of ministers
– Co-ordinating committee
– Sectoral committee
– East Africa court of justice
– East Africa legislative Assembly
– The secretariat
(3 x 1 = 3mks)
b) – The civil society is cooperating with a view of enhancing its role in different fields.
– Improved diplomatic relations
– EAC promotes trade
– Professionals are able to interact more easily
– Tariffs for industrial goods have been reduced while investment procedures eased
– Introduction of the EA passports and opening of the borders has made it easy for
Citizens to move across the border
– Improvement and expansion of transport and communication networks